top6/17/2013
Terrorist Organization Profile: |
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| Arteshen Rizgariya Gelli Kurdistan (ARGK) | |
| ARGK, Kurdistan National Liberty Army, People's Defense Force | |
| Turkey | |
| 1984 | |
| Greater than 1,000 members | |
| Communist/Socialist, Nationalist/Separatist | |
| The PKK's largest funding sources are drug smuggling and extortion. The group also receives funding through charities, commercial establishments, and remittances from Europe. Syria, Iran, and Iraq have provided some aid to the PKK | |
| The People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan was established in 1985 as the military wing of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a leftist Kurdish nationalist terror organization. The PKK was founded in 1974 by a group of Turkish students of ethnic Kurdish descent who were active in communist activities within Turkey. The group, led by Abdullah Ocalan, operated informally until 1978 when it formalized its agenda. Influenced heavily by Maoist doctrine, the PKK's goal was to incite a revolution that would free the Kurdish people and establish an independent Kurdish state. When it was founded, the group was violently opposed to the Turkish government, believing that a Kurdish state could only be established if the oppressive and colonialist Turkish government was defeated. During the early 1980s, the group focused its attention on consolidating its resources and powerbase. In 1980, prior to the military coup in Turkey, the PKK fled Turkey and established training camps in the Bekaa valley, part of Syrian-controlled Lebanon. By 1984, the PKK had initiated its first armed attacks in the Anatolia regions of Turkey. The vanguard of PKK's armed agenda was the ARGK which Ocalan envisioned as a guerilla nucleus for the PKK's people's army. The PKK/ARGK targeted Turkish government facilities and personnel in Anatolia and frequently attacked Kurdish civilians who "collaborated" with the Turkish government. Some reports claim that the PKK/ARGK killed over 30,000 civilians within Turkey during the mid-80s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an effort to win increased support from the Kurdish peasantry, the PKK/ARGK altered its leftist secular ideology to better accommodate and accept Islamic beliefs. The group also abandoned its previous strategy of attacking Kurdish civilians, focusing instead on government and tourist targets. |
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| During the early 1990s, the PKK/ARGK continued its strategy of actively attacking Turkish government and tourist assets in an effort to destroy the Turkish regime. In 1999, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Ocalan, was arrested in Kenya and extradited to Turkey where he faced the death penalty on terrorism charges. (Though convicted, Turkey abolished the death penalty in 2002, and his sentence was changed to life imprisonment.) The arrest of Ocalan seriously weakened the PKK. Following his arrest, Ocalan declared a unilateral cease-fire and announced his desire to establish a "peace initiative" with Turkey on Kurdish issues. The PKK affirmed Ocalan's wishes, purportedly disavowing its violent history. In 2000, the armed ARGK wing was renamed the People's Defense Force. The People's Defense Force maintained its military capabilities, supposedly only for defensive purposes. In 2002, the PKK changed its name to the Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (KADEK), supposedly committing itself to non-violent activities. In 2003, KADEK announced a three-stage "road map" for peacefully resolving the issue of Kurdish autonomy. While the KADEK/People's Defense Force did not conduct a terrorist attack in 2002 or 2003, the group continues its military training and planning and continues to threaten violence. In 2003, KADEK announced that it was dissolving itself and creating a new pan-Kurdish organization called the Kurdistan People's Conference (KHK) that would seek Kurdish rights through negotiations with Turkey. Turkish officials have dismissed these moves as public relations tactics. It remains unclear what the outcome of this reorganization will mean for KADEK/PKK and for the People's Defense Force/ARGK. |
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Key Leaders
Related Groups
- Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) -- Political Wing
U.S. Government Designations
| No | |
| No | |
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Learn more about these U.S. Department of State classifications: Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) Terrorist Exclusion List (TEL) |
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Other Governments' Designations
| No | |
| No | |
| No | |
| No | |
| No |
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