Incident Summary:
05/17/1979: Two marines, Corporals Dennis E. Emerson and Amos L. Blythers were shot outside on the windward side of Oahu, Hawaii in the United States, by a group of non-white men whose motto was "Save Hawaii for the Hawaiians." This incident was one in a series of attacks on the Navy and other military men in Hawaii over the previous five months. Emerson was wounded and Blythers killed, after they were shot by .44 caliber pistols by three men, two of whom were captured by police.
Overview
GTD ID:
197905170021
When:
1979-05-17
Country:
United States
Region:
North America
Province/administrative
region/u.s. state:
Hawaii
City:
Kailua
What
Attack Information
| Type of Attack () |
Armed Assault |
| Successful Attack? () |
Yes |
Target Information ()
| Target Type: Military |
|---|
| Name of Entity |
U.S. Marines |
| Specific Description |
two marines, Corporals Dennis E. Emerson and Amos L. Blythers |
| Nationality of Target |
United States |
Additional Information
| Hostages |
No |
| Ransom |
No |
| Property Damage |
No |
How
Weapon Information
| Type |
Sub-type |
| Firearms |
Handgun |
| Weapon Details |
|---|
| .44 caliber pistol |
Additional Information
| Suicide Attack? | No |
| Part of Multiple Incident? | No |
| Criterion 1 () |
Yes |
| Criterion 2 () |
Yes |
| Criterion 3 () |
Yes |
| Additional Information |
The two marines hitchhiked a ride on the morning of May 17, in hopes that they would be taken back to their base, but instead they were taken to a place called the "banana patch" on the windward side of Oahu, and shot by the three men who offered the ride. One of the perpetrators, Alfred David Costa, was charged and facing a grand jury for murder and attempted murder, and a second perpetrator was sent to Hawaii State Prison to serve time for an earlier robbery conviction involving four marines. |
Who
Perpetrator Group Information
| Group Name |
Claimed Responsibility |
| Hawaiian extremists |
No |
Perpetrator Statistics
| Number of Perpetrators |
3 |
| Number of Captured Perpetrators |
2 |
Casualty Information
| Total Number of Casualties |
1 Fatalities / 1 Injured |
| Total Number of Fatalities |
1 |
| Number of U.S. Fatalities |
1 |
| Number of Perpetrator Fatalities |
0 |
| Total Number of Injured |
1 |
| Number of U.S. Injured |
1 |
| Number of Perpetrators Injured |
0 |
Sources
Sources
| "Hawaiian Civilians Beat and Kill Servicemen in Series of Incidents," New York Times, May 27, 1979. |
| Christopher Hewitt, "Political Violence and Terrorism in Modern America: A Chronology," Praeger Security International, 2005. |
Criteria
Criteria 1
The act must be aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal. In terms of economic goals, the exclusive pursuit of profit does not satisfy this criterion. It must involve the pursuit of more profound, systemic economic change.
Criterion 2
There must be evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience (or audiences) than the immediate victims. It is the act taken as a totality that is considered, irrespective if every individual involved in carrying out the act was aware of this intention. As long as any of the planners or decision-makers behind the attack intended to coerce, intimidate or publicize, the intentionality criterion is met.
Criterion 3
The action must be outside the context of legitimate warfare activities. That is, the act must be outside the parameters permitted by international humanitarian law (particularly the prohibition against deliberately targeting civilians or non-combatants.
Doubt Terrorism Proper
The existence of a "Yes" for "Doubt Terrorism Proper?" records reservation, in the eyes of GTD analysts, that the incident in question is truly terrorism. Such uncertainty, however, was not deemed to be sufficient to disqualify the incident from inclusion into the GTD. Furthermore, such a determination of doubt is subsequently coded by GTD analysts as conforming to one of four possible alternative designations: 1) Insurgency/Guerilla Action; 2) Internecine Conflict Action; 3) Mass Murder; or 4) Purely Criminal Act.
Alternate Designation
The determination of "yes" for "Doubt Terrorism Proper" by GTD analysts is coded as conforming to one of four possible alternative designations: 1) Insurgency/Guerilla Action; 2) Internecine Conflict Action; 3) Mass Murder; or 4) Purely Criminal Act.
Successful Attack
Success of a terrorist strike is defined according to the tangible effects of the attack. For example, in a typical successful bombing, the bomb detonates and destroys property and/or kills individuals, whereas an unsuccessful bombing is one in which the bomb is discovered and defused or detonates early and kills the perpetrators. Success is not judged in terms of the larger goals of the perpetrators. For example, a bomb that exploded in a building would be counted as a success even if it did not, for example, succeed in bringing the building down or inducing government repression.
Type of Attack
This field captures the general method of attack and often reflects the broad class of tactics used. It consists of the following nine categories:
- Assassination
- Armed Assault
- Unarmed Assault
- Bombing/Explosion
- Hijacking
- Hostage taking (Barricade Incident)
- Hostage taking (Kidnapping)
- Facility / Infrastructure Attack
- Unknown
Target Information
This field captures the general type of target. It consists of the following 22 categories:
- Abortion Related
- Airports & Airlines
- Business
- Government (General)
- Government (Diplomatic)
- Educational Institution
- Food or Water Supply
- Journalists & Media
- Maritime (includes Ports and Maritime facilities)
- Military
- NGO
- Other
- Police
- Private Citizens & Property
- Religious Figures/Institutions
- Telecommunication
- Terrorists
- Tourists
- Transportation (other than aviation)
- Unknown
- Utilities
- Violent Political Parties
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