Incident Summary:
03/23/1998: The Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) kidnapped 27 birdwatchers in Bogota, Colombia. Four of the kidnap victims were American tourists, one was an Italian tourist, and the rest (22) were Colombians.
Overview
GTD ID:
199803230001
When:
1998-03-23
Country:
Colombia
Region:
South America
Province/administrative
region/u.s. state:
Bogota
City:
Bogota
What
Attack Information
Type of Attack () |
Hostage Taking (Kidnapping) |
Successful Attack? () |
Yes |
Target Information ()
Target Type: Private Citizens & Property |
Name of Entity |
Civilians |
Specific Description |
Colombian Birdwatchers |
Nationality of Target |
Colombia |
Target Type: Tourists |
Name of Entity |
American Tourists |
Specific Description |
Louise Augustine, Peter Shen, Tom Fiore and Todd Marks |
Nationality of Target |
United States |
Target Type: Tourists |
Name of Entity |
Italian Tourist |
Specific Description |
Vito Candela |
Nationality of Target |
Italy |
Additional Information
Hostages |
Yes |
Number of Hostages |
27 |
US Hostages |
4 |
Days of Kidnapping |
34 |
Outcome |
Combination |
Ransom |
Yes |
Total Ransom Amount Demanded |
Unknown |
Ransom Amount Demanded from US Sources |
Unknown |
Total Ransom Amount Paid |
0.00 |
Total Ransom Amount Paid by US Sources |
0.00 |
Ransom Notes |
Unknown |
Property Damage |
No |
How
Weapon Information
Type |
Sub-type |
Unknown |
|
Additional Information
Suicide Attack? | No |
Part of Multiple Incident? | No |
Criterion 1 () |
Yes |
Criterion 2 () |
Yes |
Criterion 3 () |
Yes |
Doubt Terrorism Proper () |
No |
Additional Information |
All the hostages were eventually released. Nine of the Colombians were released on March 27, 1998 because they were not linked to paramilitary death squads, the rebels' enemies, and were not wealthy enough to make a ransom demand worthwhile. One American hostage escaped on April 2, 1998. The four Americans were kidnapped because FARC was suspicious that they were gathering intelligence for the United States. It was eventually proven that this was untrue. |
Who
Perpetrator Statistics
Number of Perpetrators |
Unknown |
Number of Captured Perpetrators |
0 |
Casualty Information
Total Number of Casualties |
0 Fatalities / 0 Injured |
Total Number of Fatalities |
0 |
Number of U.S. Fatalities |
0 |
Number of Perpetrator Fatalities |
0 |
Total Number of Injured |
0 |
Number of U.S. Injured |
0 |
Number of Perpetrators Injured |
0 |
Sources
Sources
David Adams, “Colombia leftist rebels kidnap four Americans, bomb oil rig,” St. Petersburg Times, March 27, 1998. |
“Birdwatchers spend fifth day in captivity,” Dayton Daily News, March 29, 1998. |
“Colombian rebels release last of two US hostages,” CNN, April 25, 1998. |
Criteria
Criteria 1
The act must be aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal. In terms of economic goals, the exclusive pursuit of profit does not satisfy this criterion. It must involve the pursuit of more profound, systemic economic change.
Criterion 2
There must be evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience (or audiences) than the immediate victims. It is the act taken as a totality that is considered, irrespective if every individual involved in carrying out the act was aware of this intention. As long as any of the planners or decision-makers behind the attack intended to coerce, intimidate or publicize, the intentionality criterion is met.
Criterion 3
The action must be outside the context of legitimate warfare activities. That is, the act must be outside the parameters permitted by international humanitarian law (particularly the prohibition against deliberately targeting civilians or non-combatants.
Doubt Terrorism Proper
The existence of a "Yes" for "Doubt Terrorism Proper?" records reservation, in the eyes of GTD analysts, that the incident in question is truly terrorism. Such uncertainty, however, was not deemed to be sufficient to disqualify the incident from inclusion into the GTD. Furthermore, such a determination of doubt is subsequently coded by GTD analysts as conforming to one of four possible alternative designations: 1) Insurgency/Guerilla Action; 2) Internecine Conflict Action; 3) Mass Murder; or 4) Purely Criminal Act.
Alternate Designation
The determination of "yes" for "Doubt Terrorism Proper" by GTD analysts is coded as conforming to one of four possible alternative designations: 1) Insurgency/Guerilla Action; 2) Internecine Conflict Action; 3) Mass Murder; or 4) Purely Criminal Act.
Successful Attack
Success of a terrorist strike is defined according to the tangible effects of the attack. For example, in a typical successful bombing, the bomb detonates and destroys property and/or kills individuals, whereas an unsuccessful bombing is one in which the bomb is discovered and defused or detonates early and kills the perpetrators. Success is not judged in terms of the larger goals of the perpetrators. For example, a bomb that exploded in a building would be counted as a success even if it did not, for example, succeed in bringing the building down or inducing government repression.
Type of Attack
This field captures the general method of attack and often reflects the broad class of tactics used. It consists of the following nine categories:
- Assassination
- Armed Assault
- Unarmed Assault
- Bombing/Explosion
- Hijacking
- Hostage taking (Barricade Incident)
- Hostage taking (Kidnapping)
- Facility / Infrastructure Attack
- Unknown
Target Information
This field captures the general type of target. It consists of the following 22 categories:
- Abortion Related
- Airports & Airlines
- Business
- Government (General)
- Government (Diplomatic)
- Educational Institution
- Food or Water Supply
- Journalists & Media
- Maritime (includes Ports and Maritime facilities)
- Military
- NGO
- Other
- Police
- Private Citizens & Property
- Religious Figures/Institutions
- Telecommunication
- Terrorists
- Tourists
- Transportation (other than aviation)
- Unknown
- Utilities
- Violent Political Parties