Incident Summary:
04/30/1999: A nail bomb exploded in the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho, London, United Kingdom at 18:37, killing three people and injuring 79 others. This attack, targeting predominantly gay clientele at the pub, was the third of three bombings carried out in London by the same individual assailant in April 1999. David Copeland, identified by sources as a "self-confessed homophobic Nazi" was charged and received six life sentences for carrying out the three attacks. Combat 18 and White Wolves claimed responsibility for the attacks, but sources indicate Copeland was not affiliated with either group.
Overview
GTD ID:
199904300001
When:
1999-04-30
Country:
United Kingdom
Region:
Western Europe
Province/administrative
region/u.s. state:
England
City:
London
Location Details:
Westminster (London Borough). Old Compton St. in Soho
What
Attack Information
| Type of Attack () |
Bombing/Explosion |
| Successful Attack? () |
Yes |
Target Information ()
| Target Type: Business |
|---|
| Name of Entity |
Admiral Duncan Pub |
| Specific Description |
Predominantly gay pub clientele |
| Nationality of Target |
Great Britain |
Additional Information
| Hostages |
No |
| Ransom |
No |
| Property Damage |
Yes |
| Extent of Property Damage |
Major (likely > $1 million but < $1 billion) |
| Value of Property Damage |
Unknown |
How
Weapon Information
| Type |
Sub-type |
| Explosives |
Pipe Bomb |
| Weapon Details |
|---|
| The device was a plastic pipe filled with flash powder that had been removed from fireworks. The pipe was in a box filled with 1,500 nails at least six inches or longer, placed in a gym bag, and detonated with a timer connected to electrical igniters powered by batteries. Copeland accessed bombmaking instructions online in the Terrorists' Handbook and How to Make Bombs: Book 2. |
Additional Information
| Suicide Attack? | No |
| Part of Multiple Incident? | No |
| Criterion 1 () |
Yes |
| Criterion 2 () |
Yes |
| Criterion 3 () |
Yes |
| Doubt Terrorism Proper () |
No |
Who
Perpetrator Group Information
| Group Name |
Claimed Responsibility |
| Neo-Nazi extremists |
Yes (Confirmed: Unknown) |
Perpetrator Statistics
| Number of Perpetrators |
1 |
| Number of Captured Perpetrators |
1 |
Casualty Information
| Total Number of Casualties |
3 Fatalities / 79 Injured |
| Total Number of Fatalities |
3 |
| Number of U.S. Fatalities |
0 |
| Number of Perpetrator Fatalities |
0 |
| Total Number of Injured |
79 |
| Number of U.S. Injured |
0 |
| Number of Perpetrators Injured |
0 |
Sources
Sources
| Sarah Lee, “London Nail Nombings Remembered 20 Years On,” BBC News, April 30, 2019 |
| Pat Clarke And Shenai Raif, “Bomber 'wanted race war' - Internet Used for Bomb-a-Week Plan,” The Journal (Newcastle), June 6, 2000. |
| Jeevan Vasagar, “Bomb killer 'wanted to be famous': Old Bailey hears that man accused of three murders idolised Hitler and Stalin and felt no emotion when he planted deadly device in pub,” The Guardian (London), June 7, 2000. |
Criteria
Criteria 1
The act must be aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal. In terms of economic goals, the exclusive pursuit of profit does not satisfy this criterion. It must involve the pursuit of more profound, systemic economic change.
Criterion 2
There must be evidence of an intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a larger audience (or audiences) than the immediate victims. It is the act taken as a totality that is considered, irrespective if every individual involved in carrying out the act was aware of this intention. As long as any of the planners or decision-makers behind the attack intended to coerce, intimidate or publicize, the intentionality criterion is met.
Criterion 3
The action must be outside the context of legitimate warfare activities. That is, the act must be outside the parameters permitted by international humanitarian law (particularly the prohibition against deliberately targeting civilians or non-combatants.
Doubt Terrorism Proper
The existence of a "Yes" for "Doubt Terrorism Proper?" records reservation, in the eyes of GTD analysts, that the incident in question is truly terrorism. Such uncertainty, however, was not deemed to be sufficient to disqualify the incident from inclusion into the GTD. Furthermore, such a determination of doubt is subsequently coded by GTD analysts as conforming to one of four possible alternative designations: 1) Insurgency/Guerilla Action; 2) Internecine Conflict Action; 3) Mass Murder; or 4) Purely Criminal Act.
Alternate Designation
The determination of "yes" for "Doubt Terrorism Proper" by GTD analysts is coded as conforming to one of four possible alternative designations: 1) Insurgency/Guerilla Action; 2) Internecine Conflict Action; 3) Mass Murder; or 4) Purely Criminal Act.
Successful Attack
Success of a terrorist strike is defined according to the tangible effects of the attack. For example, in a typical successful bombing, the bomb detonates and destroys property and/or kills individuals, whereas an unsuccessful bombing is one in which the bomb is discovered and defused or detonates early and kills the perpetrators. Success is not judged in terms of the larger goals of the perpetrators. For example, a bomb that exploded in a building would be counted as a success even if it did not, for example, succeed in bringing the building down or inducing government repression.
Type of Attack
This field captures the general method of attack and often reflects the broad class of tactics used. It consists of the following nine categories:
- Assassination
- Armed Assault
- Unarmed Assault
- Bombing/Explosion
- Hijacking
- Hostage taking (Barricade Incident)
- Hostage taking (Kidnapping)
- Facility / Infrastructure Attack
- Unknown
Target Information
This field captures the general type of target. It consists of the following 22 categories:
- Abortion Related
- Airports & Airlines
- Business
- Government (General)
- Government (Diplomatic)
- Educational Institution
- Food or Water Supply
- Journalists & Media
- Maritime (includes Ports and Maritime facilities)
- Military
- NGO
- Other
- Police
- Private Citizens & Property
- Religious Figures/Institutions
- Telecommunication
- Terrorists
- Tourists
- Transportation (other than aviation)
- Unknown
- Utilities
- Violent Political Parties
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